LI  B  R.AFLY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 
OF    ILLINOIS 


G30.7 
UGb 

tto. 
Cop- 


AGRICULTURE 


BULLETIN  No.  142 


BY  HERBERT  W.  MUMFORD  AND  H.  O.  ALLISON 


URBANA,   ILLINOIS,   NOVEMBER,   1909 


SUMMARY  OF  BULLETIN  No.   142 

1.  Under  the  conditions  of   the  experiment,   the  profit  to  be   derived    from 
short  feeding  cattle  was  7.36  percent  interest  on  the  total  expenditure  for  ninety 
days  for  lot  1  and  18.88  percent  for  lot  2. 

2.  With  expenses  as  figured  the  necessary  margin  per  cwt.  between  buying 
and  selling  price  in  Chicago  in  order  to  break  even  was  $1.137  for  lot  1  (common 
method  of  feeding)  and  $1.166  for  lot  2  (chopped  hay  and  self-feeder),  when 
the  pork  produced  is  not  considered. 

3.  Mixed  feed  when   fed  thru  a  self-feeder  is  especially  advantageous   for 
accustoming  cattle  to  a  heavy  grain  ration  in  a  short  time. 

4.  By  the  use  of  mixed  feed  and  the  self-feeder  the  necessity  of  a  skillful 
feeder  is  reduced. 

5.  Cattle  fed  chopped  hay  mingled  with  concentrates  thru  a  self-feeder  will 
consume  larger  quantities  of  feed  than  when  the  same  feeds  are  fed  separately 
at  regular  periods  twice  per  day. 

6.  By  chopping  the  hay,  mingling  it  with  the  grain  and  feeding  thru  a  self- 
feeder  as  in  lot  2,  more  rapid  gains  were  secured  and  at  slightly  less  cost  per 
pound  than  when  these  same  feeds  were  fed  separately  twice  per  day  as  in  lot  1. 

7.  The  larger  gain  of  lot  2  resulted  in  better  finish,  15  cents  per  cwt.  higher 
selling  price,  and  $2.05  per  steer  more  profit  (not  including  pigs)  than  lot  1. 


564 


SHORT   FED   STEERS 
A  COMPARISON   OF   METHODS   OF   FEEDING 

BY  HERBERT  W.  MUMFORD,  CHIEF  IN  ANIMAL  HUSBANDRY,  AND 
H.  O.  ALLISON,  ASSISTANT  IN  ANIMAL  HUSBANDRY 

INTRODUCTION 

Among  common  methods  of  beef  production  there  is  recognized 
the  practice  of  short  feeding  or  "warming  up"  of  cattle.  This  process 
usually  requires  from  60  to  100  days  and  the  cattle  are  generally  mar- 
keted in  a  half  fat  or  unfinished  condition.  In  this,  as  in  most  enter- 
prises of  this  sort,  the  variations  of  common  practice  are  wide.  These 
variations  are  in  the  grade  and  condition  of  cattle  selected  for  feeding, 
the  methods  of  handling,  and  the  rations  used.  Some  feeders,  for 
instance,  select  heavy  fleshy  cattle  of  the  better  grades  while  others 
select  cattle  thin  in  flesh,  but  generally  mature,  and  of  the  lower 
grades.  'Then  too,  the  variations  in  the  methods  of  handling  the  cat- 
tle are  wide,  the  chief  difference  being  in  the  policy  of  forcing  rapid 
and  large  gains  by  the  use  of  a  rather  expensive  ration  as  compared 
with  that  of  smaller  gains  by  the  use  of  limited  quantities  of  feed  or 
less  expensive  feeds. 

The  factors  surrounding  and  the  possibilities  of  short  feeding  are 
considerably  different  from  those  of  long  feeding  where  the  cattle  are 
fed  for  six  months  or  longer  and  generally  marketed  in  finished  condi- 
tion. It  is  not  intended,  however,  at  this  time  to  compare  the  practice 
of  short  feeding  with  that  of  finishing  beef  cattle.  We  introduced  this 
work  rather  to  study  the  methods  and  possibilities  of  short  feeding. 
To  do  this,  a  test  was  conducted  with  two  carloads  of  cattle  under 
conditions  comparable  to  those  existing  in  Illinois.  In  this  work  the 
relative  merits  of  two  different  methods  of  feeding  were  studied  and 
other  available  data  were  collected  thus  supplying  a  basis  upon  which 
the  business  of  short  feeding  cattle  may  be  judged. 

CONDITIONS  OF  THE  EXPERIMENT 

The  steers  used  in  the  experiment  were  purchased  on  the  Chicago 
market  August  22,  1905.  They  consisted  of  thirty-four  head  of  good 
to  choice,  fleshy,  three-year-old  feeders.  All  were  dehorned  and  the 
average  weight  was  1,073  pounds  in  Chicago.  They  were  natives  and 
northwest  rangers  mixed,  but  all  were  undoubtedly  strictly  grass  cat- 
tle. Upon  arrival  at  the  experimental  farm,  they  were  divided  into 

565 


566  BULLETIN  No.  142  [November, 

two  lots  of  seventeen  head  each.  In  this  division  every  effort  was 
made  to  make  the  lots  as  nearly  alike  as  possible  in  quality,  condition 
and  weight.  In  order  to  make  the  test  as  practical  and  simple  as  pos- 
sible, the  usual  preliminary  feeding  period  was  dispensed  with  and  the 
steers  were  put  on  experiment  two  days  after  their  arrival. 

To  secure  the  corrrect  weight  of  the  steers  at  the  beginning  of  the 
experiment,  they  were  weighed  on  three  consecutive  mornings,  August 
24,  25,  and  26,  before  feeding  and  watering.  The  average  of  these 
weights  was  then  taken  as  the  correct  weight  at  the  beginning  of  the 
test  which  began  on  August  25.  The  experiment  was  divided  into 
periods  of  two  weeks,  the  cattle  being  weighed  at  the  end  of  each 
period  under  the  same  conditions  as  to  water  and  feed. 

Both  lots  received  the  same  feeds  consisting  of  corn  meal,  oil 
meal,  and  clover  hay.  Lot  1  received  these  according  to  the  common 
method  of  feeding,  that  is,  whole  hay  and  concentrates  fed  separately 
at  regular  feeding  periods  twice  per  day.  In  the  case  of  lot  2  the 
clover  hay  was  chaffed  by  running  it  thru  an  ordinary  ensilage  machine 
and  it  was  then  mingled  with  the  grain  portion  of  the  ration  and  fed 
thru  a  self-feeder^  to  which  the  cattle  had  access  at  all  times. 

Four  pigs  were  placed  in  each  lot  to  utilize  whatever  undigested 
feed  passed  thru  the  steers.  While  it  was  thought  at  the  time  that  more 
pigs  might  have  been  used  to  advantage,  the  difficulty  in  securing  them 
made  the  trial  impossible. 

FEED  LOTS  AND  EQUIPMENT 

With  the  exception  of  the  method  of  feeding,  the  conditions  sur- 
rounding both  lots  were  alike.  Owing  to  the  prevailing  warm  weather 
at  the  begining  of  the  experiment,  it  was  thought  best  not  to  confine 
the  steers  to  a  small  feed  lot  with  no  shade  other  than  that  provided 
by  the  shed.  Consequently  they  were  given  the  run  of  small  paddocks 
237  x  112  feet  which  adjoined  the  feed  lots.  Along  one  end  of  these 
extended  a  double  row  of  soft  maple  trees  which  furnished  ample 
shade  and  under  which  the  cattle  spent  most  of  their  time  during  the 
day.  These  paddocks  were  sodded  with  blue-grass,  but  as  it  had  been 
pastured  during  the  forepart  of  the  season  there  was  no  available  feed 
when  the  cattle  were  turned  in,  and  because  of  the  tramping  and  soil- 
ing from  the  droppings,  the  steers  obtained  no  feed  from  this  source. 
It  may  be  said,  however,  that  the  pigs  ate  some  of  the  grass  and  likely 
profited  slightly  thereby. 

The  feed  lots  proper  were  paved  with  brick  and  measured  36  x  48 
feet,  with  a  12  foot  shed  running  along  the  north  side.  In  these  small 
lots  the  cattle  were  fed  and  allowed  to  run  at  all  times.  The  steers 
had  access  to  pure,  fresh  water  supplied  in  galvanized  steel  tanks  into 
which  it  was  drawn  from  the  University  plant.  The  concentrates 
were  supplied  to  lot  1  in  an  open  feed-box  similar  to  that  used  in  the 
ordinary  feed  lot,  while  the  clover  hay  was  fed  in  mangers  along  the 
side  of  the  lot.  As  the  hay  and  grain  were  mixed  for  lot  2,  a  specially 
adapted  self-feeder  was  constructed  thru  which  the  mixture  would  run 
as  the  cattle  needed  it. 


1909] 


SHORT  FED  STEERS 


567 


PLATE  1.     SECTIONAL  VIEW  OF  SELF-FEEDER. 


568  BULLETIN  No.  142  [November, 

Plate  1  shows  a  cross  section  of  the  self-feeder  giving  the  essential 
features  of  its  construction.  It  was  so  arranged  that  the  feed  could  be 
conveyed  by  means  of  a  feed  carrier  on  a  suspended  track  from  the 
barn  to  the  feeder  into  which  the  feed  was  dumped.  The  track  was 
similar  to  those  used  for  hay  carriers  and  is  shown  at  point  T.  The 
rectangular  frame  which  was  5  feet  wide  and  10  feet  high  was  con- 
structed of  4  x  4-inch  material.  This  served  as  a  frame  for  the  feeder 
as  well  as  a  support  for  the  track.  It  will  be  noticed  from  the  cut  that 
the  bin  was  but  16  inches  wide  at  the  opening  and  this  opening  was 
6  inches  high.  This  construction  seemed  necessary  in  order  to  enable 
the  cattle  to  work  the  feed  out  as  needed  and  to  prevent  clogging.  The 
studding,  which  were  2  x  4-inch  material,  were  placed  four  feet  apart 
inside  the  bin  and  served  as  supports  to  the  sides.  Other  than  these 
points  the  feeder  was  not  essentially  different  from  those  commonly  in 
use  in  the  corn  belt. 

QUALITY  AND  COST  OF  FEEDS 

The  feeds  used  were  corn  meal,  oil  meal,  and  clover  hay.  The 
corn  graded  No.  2  yellow,  and  the  clover  hay  No.  1.  The  oil  meal 
was  "Old  Process,"  ground  linseed  cake,  pea  size.  The  cost  of  these 
feeds  and  their  preparation  was  as  follows : 

Per  ton 

Cost  of  grinding  corn,  $0.060  per  cwt.  or $  1.200 

Chopping  hay  by  running  thru  ensilage  machine,  $0.05  per  cwt.  or     1.000 

Shelled  corn,  $0.35  per  bu.  or 12.499 

Ground  corn,  including  cost  of  grinding 13.699 

Clover  hay 8.000 

Chopped  clover  hay 9.000 

Oil  meal  (ground  linseed  cake,  pea  size) 28.000 

METHOD  OF  FEEDING  STEERS 

Owing  to  the  shortness  of  the  feeding  period  it  was  thought  best 
to  get  the  cattle  on  full  grain  feed  as  soon  as  possible  in  order  to 
secure  the  greatest  gain  in  live  weight  and  best  finish,  as  this  principle 
was  thought  to  be  desirable  in  short  feeding.  Oil  meal  was  used  to 
supplement  the  ground  corn  because  it  has  been  found  at  the  Illinois 
Station  that  it  contributes  to  the  production  of  larger  gains  by  stimu- 
lating the  appetite  so  that  larger  quantities  of  concentrates  are  con- 
sumed to  advantage.*  The  full  grain  feed  was  reached  by  gradually 
increasing  the  grain  ration  in  lot  1  and  the  proportion  of  concentrates 
to  roughage  in  lot  2,  the  rate  of  change  varying  somewhat  with  the 
appetite  of  the  cattle.  At  the  end  of  four  weeks  they  were  practically 
on  full  feed  with  no  bad  effects  noticeable  except  with  one  steer  in 
lot  1.  He  appeared  to  have  a  slight  attack  of  indigestion  and  did  not 
eat  well  from  September  16  to  22. 

Table  1  shows  the  average  daily  ration  per  steer  by  periods. 
These  periods  correspond  with  the  periodical  weights  which  were  taken 
every  two  weeks.  Period  1  extended  from  August  25  to  September  8 ; 

"Illinois  Bulletin  No.  103     Page  80. 


1909] 


SHORT  FED  STEERS 


569 


Period  2,  September  8  to  22;  Period  3,  September  22  to  October  6; 
Period  4,  October  6  to  20;  Period  5,  October  20  to  November  3 ;  Period 
6,  included  19  days  from  November  3  to  21. 

TABLE  1.    AVERAGE  DAILY  RATION  PER  STEER  BY  PERIODS  (POUNDS) 


Periods 

Average 
89  days. 
Aug.  25  to 
Nov.  21 

Lot 

Feeds 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1 

Ground  corn.  .  . 
Oil  meal  

9.45 
1.81 
18.47 

18.69 
2.98 
14.60 

17.92 
2.71 
15.05 

20.91 
3.23 
13.39 

23.19 
3.23 
11.53 

22.81 
3.41 
9.13 

19.05 
2.92 
13.45 

Clover  hay.  .  .  . 

2 

Ground  corn.  .  . 
Oil  meal  

10.78 
2.06 
16.63 

21.59 
3.27 
17.85 

22.01 
2.52 
12.60 

27.26 
3.82 
12.18 

25.20 
3.79 
10.50 

22.06 
3.31 
8.39 

21.52 
3.13 
12.77 

Chopped  clover 

It  will  be  seen  from  Table  1  that  lot  2  cosumed  the  most  feed. 
This  was  also  noticeable  from  the  appearance  of  the  cattle  during  the 
experiment  as  lot  2  carried  the  best  fill.  We  can  attribute  this  to  no 
other  cause  than  the  method  of  feeding,  as  lot  1  could  not  be  induced 
to  take  more  feed. 

The  decreased  consumption  in  Period  3  in  the  case  of  lot  1  was 
due  to  a  change  in  ground  corn  which  it  was  impossible  to  avoid. 
While  the  meal  seemed  sweet  and  good  in  every  way,  it  was  ground 
by  the  burr  process  while  the  plate  grinder  had  previously  been  used. 
As  a  result  it  took  the  cattle  in  lot  1  several  days  to  become  accustomed 
to  it,  whereas  with  lot  2,  the  corn  being  mingled  with  the  hay,  the 
falling  off  was  not  so  noticeable. 

TABLE  2.    PROPORTION  OF  CONCENTRATES  TO  ROUGHAGE 


Periods 

Average 
89  days 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Lot  1 
Lot  2 

1:1.64 
1:1.29 

1:0.67 
1:0.71 

1:0.72 
1:0.51 

1:0.55 
1:0.39 

1:0.43 
1:0.36 

1:0.34 
1:0.33 

1:0.61 
1:0.51 

The  above  table  shows  the  proportion  of  concentrates  to  rough- 
age for  both  lots  during  different  periods.  The  plan  was  to  cater  to 
the  appetites  of  the  cattle  in  these  proportions  and  as  a  result  lot  1 
took  a  larger  proportion  of  hay  than  lot  2.  When  we  consider  that 
the  cost  of  digestible  nutrients  in  the  case  of  lot  1  is  .9029  cents  per 
pound  in  form  of  hay  and  .8692  cents  per  pound  in  form  of  corn 
(which  is  .0337  cents  per  pound  greater  in  the  form  of  hay  than  in 
corn),*  it  is  probable  that  this  larger  proportion  of  roughage  would 
work  as  a  handicap  to  lot  1  in  the  cost  of  producing  gain.  It  will.be 
noticed  that  from  the  first  period  on,  the  proportion  of  grain  was 
gradually  increased  until  at  the  close  of  the  experiment  the  grain 
ration  was  about  three  times  that  of  the  roughage. 

'Average  Composition  of  American  Feeding  Stuff  —Henry's  Feeds  and  Feeding. 


570 


BULLETIN  No.  142 


[November, 


TABLE  3.    AVERAGE  DAILY  GAIN  PER  STEER  IN  POUNDS  BY  PERIODS  AND 
AVERAGE  FOR  WHOLE  TIME 


Lot  No. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Average 
89  days 

1 

2 

4.117 
4.147 

1.910 
2.794 

3.025 
3.088 

2.976 
3.655 

3.466 

4.242 

2.554 
2.337 

2.984 
3.326 

TABLE  4.    SUMMARY  OF  TABLE  3  (POUNDS) 


Periods 


Lot  No. 

Aug.  25  to 
Sept.  22 

Sept.  22  to 
Oct.  20 

Oct.  20  to 
Nov.  21 

Aug.  25  to 
Nov.  21 

1 

2 

3.014 
3.470 

3.000 
3.371 

2.941 
3.146 

2.984 
3.326 

Table  3,  shows  the  average  daily  gain  per  steer  during  the  periods 
corresponding  to  those  in  Table  1.  Owing  to  the  great  variation  in 
the  weights  of  steers  it  has  seemed  best  to  summarize  these  six  periods 
into  three  in  order  to  study  the  relative  rate  and  cost  of  gains.  Con- 
sequently periods  1  and  2,  3  and  4,  and  5  and  6  are  summarized  in 
Table  4.  From  this  it  can  be  readily  seen  that  lot  2  made  the  larger 
gains,  but  the  difference  in  rate  of  gain  decreases  as  the  feeding  period 
advances.  This  indicates  that  the  mixed  feed  fed  thru  a  self-feeder 
may  be  especially  advantageous  for  accustoming  cattle  to  a  grain 
ration.  It  also  indicates  that  the  difference  in  its  favor  would  probably 
be  more  marked  in  the  short  than  in  the  long  feeding  period. 

TABLE  5.    AVERAGE  COST  PER  POUND  OF  GAIN  BY  PERIODS  AND  AVERAGE 
FOR  THE  ENTIRE  EXPERIMENT 

(Value  of  pork  produced  not  credited  to  steers) 


Aug.  25  to 
Sept.  22 

Sept.  22  to 
Oct.  20 

Oct.  20  to 
Nov.  21 

Aug.  25  to 
Nov    21     • 
89  days 

Lot  1 
Lot  2 

$0.0650 
0.0650 

$0.0770 
0.0797 

$0.0832 
0.0798 

$0.0753 
0.0749 

(Value  of  pork  produced  credited  to  steers) 


Lot  1 
Lot  2 

0.0637 
0.0638 

0.0753 
0.0747 

0.0817 
0.0763 

0.0739 
0.0711 

Table  5  summarizes  the  cost  of  gains.  While  the  data  presented 
here  are  probably  not  sufficient  to  warrant  a  definite  conclusion,  it  in- 
dicates that  the  diminishing  efficiency  of  the  feed  consumed  as  the 
feeding  advances  was  slightly  more  marked  in  lot  1  than  in  lot  2.  In 
the  lower  part  of  the  table  the  value  of  the  pork  produced  was  de- 
ducted from  the  expense,  thus  reducing  the  cost  per  pound  gain  of 
beef.  Another  point  of  significance  as  shown  by  Table  5,  is  the  simi- 
larity in  the  average  cost  of  gain  for  the  two  lots  for  the  entire  period. 


1909] 


SHORT  FED  STEERS 


571 


Large  consumption  of  feed  in  order  to  produce  maximum  gains  is 
generally  associated  with  expensive  gains.  In  this  case,  however,  the 
self-fed  cattle  (lot  2)  produced  an  average  daily  gain  per  steer  of  .342 
pounds  more,  and  not  figuring  value  of  pork  produced,  the  cost  was 
four  hundredths  of  a  cent  per  pound  less  than  the  hand  fed  lot,  (lot 
1).  It  should  also  be  kept  in  mind  that  the  cost  of  the  chopped  hay 
was  one  dollar  per  ton  more  than  the  ordinary  hay  and  this  extra 
charge  was  figured  in  the  cost  of  gain.  This  indicates  strongly  then, 
that  for  short  feeding  cattle,  there  is  an  advantage  in  chopping  the  hay, 
mingling  it  with  the  grain  and  feeding  thru  a  self-feeder. 

TABLE  6.    WEIGHT  OF  STEERS  AND  EXTENT  OF  GAINS  IN  POUNDS 


Total  Wt.  17  steers 

Average  Wt.  per  steer 

Average  gain  in  89  day» 

Lot 

No 

Beginning 
of  Exp. 

Close 
of  Exp. 

Beginning 
of  Exp. 

Close 
of  Exp. 

Total  per 
steer 

Per  steer 
per  day 

1 
2 

18,110 
18,176 

22,625 
23,200 

1065.29 
1069.17 

1330.88 
1364.70 

265.58 
295.52 

2.98 
3.32 

Table  6  shows  the  total  and  average  weights  of  the  steers  at  the 
beginning  and  close  of  the  experiment  and  the  total  and  average  daily 
gain  per  steer.  As  the  increase  in  live  weight  of  mature  cattle  is 
largely  fat,  we  might  suppose  that  the  steers  in  lot  2,  which  had  gained 
29.94  pounds  per  steer  more,  would  be  fatter  and  consequently  worth 
more  on  the  market.  This  was  corroborated  by  the  values  placed  on 
the  steers  in  Chicago  at  the  close  of  the  experiment. 

MARKETING 

In  preparing  the  cattle  for  shipment  three  feeds  of  timothy  hay 
were  substituted  at  the  last  for  the  clover  hay  usually  fed.  Two  of 
these  were  included  in  the  feed  before  the  final  weights  were  taken. 
No  special  account  is  made,  however,  in  the  feed  tables  of  this  hay,  as 
it  was  thought  to  be  of  too  little  difference  in  value  and  importance  to 
be  considered  as  affecting  the  gains  or  the  cost  to  any  noticeable  ex- 
tent. The  last  feed  lot  weight  was  taken  on  the  morning  of  November 

22,  before  the  cattle  had  been  fed  or  watered.     They  were  then  fed 
timothy  hay  and  about  half  the  usual  grain  feed.     They  also  had  ac- 
cess to  water  for  an  hour,  after  which  it  was  removed. 

In  the  afternoon,  between  three  and  four  o'clock,  the  cattle  were 
quietly  driven  a  distance  of  about  a  mile  to  the  loading  chutes,  where 
they  were  loaded  at  about  five  o'clock.  They  arrived  and  were  un- 
loaded in  Chicago  the  following  morning  at  6 :30  Thursday,  November 

23.  After  being  allowed  to  fill,  their  value  was  estimated  by  expert 
judges.     Lot  1  was  estimated  at  $5.45  and  lot  2  at  $5.60  per  cwt.  on 
the  then  existing  market.     This  makes  a  margin  between  buying  and 
selling  price  of  $1.20  per  cwt.  in  the  case  of  lot  1,  and  $1.35  per  cwt. 
for  lot  2.    For  commercial  reasons  the  two  loads  were  turned  together 
and  sold  as  one  bunch  for  $5.60  per  cwt.     The  Chicago  weight  was 


572  BULLETIN  No.  142  [November, 

taken  at  9  a.  m.  November  23  and  showed  a  shrinkage  for  the  entire 
thirty-four  head  of  1,175  pounds,  an  average  of  34.558  pounds  per 
steer. 

As  the  cattle  were  sold  to'gether  the  dressing  percentages  obtained 
were  for  the  entire  34  head.  They  are  as  follows,  58.10  percent  beef; 
6.80  percent  fat,  and  6.65  percent  hides.  There  is  little  to  be  said 
concerning  these  figures.  In  general,  however,  the  cattle  were  "Good" 
to  "Choice"  in  grade  at  the  time  of  marketing. 

ITEMIZED  STATEMENT  OF  COST  OF  FEEDERS 

To  34  steers,  36,490  Ib.  @  $4.25  per  cwt $1,550.82 

Commission 20.00 

Freight,  two  cars 41.88 

Feed  prior  to  experiment 4.00 


Total  expense $1,616.70 

The  above  statement  shows  the  expense  to  be  $1,616.70,  and  since 
the  cattle  only  weighed  36,286  pounds  at  the  beginning  of  the  experi- 
ment, having  shrunk  204  pounds,  or  6  pounds  per  head,  their  actual 
cost  was  $4.455  per  cwt.  at  the  feed  lot. 

ITEMIZED  FINANCIAL  STATEMENT 
Lot  1,  17  steers 

To  17  steers,  18,110  Ib.  @  $4.455  per  cwt $806.800 

14.416  tons  ground  corn  @  $13.699  per  ton 197.488 

2.214  tons  oil  meal  @  $28.00  per  ton 61.999 

10.175  tons  clover  hay  @  $8.00  per  ton 81.404 

Freight  Champaign  to  Chicago,  commission,  feed  and  yardage..  38.440 


Total  .expenditures $1,186.131 

By  17  steers  22,037.5  Ib.  @  $5.45  per  cwt $1,201.043 

140  Ib.  pork  @  $5.00  per  cwt 7.000 


Total  receipts $1,208.043 

Total   expenditures $1,186.131 


Total   profit $  21.912 

Profit  per  steer : 1.288 

ITEMIZED  FINANCIAL  STATEMENT 
Lot  2,  17  steers 

To  17  steers,  18,176  Ib.  @  $4.455  per  cwt $  809.740 

16.282  tons  ground  corn  @  $13.699  per  ton 223.050 

2.375  tons  oil  meal  @  $28.00  per  ton 66.500 

9.661  tons  chopped  clover  @  $9.00  per  ton < 86.950 

Freight  Champaign  to  Chicago,  commission,  feed  and  yardage..  38.440 


Total   expenditures $1,224.680 

By  17  steers  22,612.5  Ib.  @  $5.60  per  cwt $1,266.300 

325  Ib.  pork  @  $5.00  per  cwt : 16.250 


Total   receipts $1,282.550 

Total    expenditures $1,224.680 


Total  profit $     57.870 

Profit  per  steer 3.404 


1909] 


SHORT  FED  STEERS 


573 


The  itemized  financial  statement  shows  that  no  charge  was  made 
for  the  labor  involved  in  feeding  the  steers  after  the  feed  was  pre- 
pared. The  general  custom  is  to  allow  the  value  of  the  manure 
produced  to  balance  the  cost  of  the  labor  involved.  There  seemed  to 
be  but  little  difference  in  the  amount  of  labor  necessary  to  feed  the 
two  lots,  altho  it  was  of  a  little  different  nature.  For  lot  1  the  skill 
of  the  feeder  was  an  important  factor  and  called  for  regularity  in  the 
work.  On  the  other  hand  for  lot  2  the  work  was  not  necessarily 
regular,  but  involved  considerable  labor  in  mingling  the  concentrates 
with  the  chopped  hay. 

The  larger  amount  of  pork  produced  in  lot  2  accounts  for  part  of 
the  difference  in  profit.  The  reason  the  pigs. did  better  in  this  lot  was 
partly  due  to  the  steers  throwing  small  quantities  of  feed  out  of  the 
self-feeder.  Being  from  this  source  it  seems  proper  to  credit  the  ac- 
count with  this  full  amount  of  pork  produced. 

In  general,  the  financial  results  of  this  experiment  are  favorable 
to  the  method  of  feeding  used  for  lot  2.  While  the  data  given  in  this 
publication  are  not  extensive,  they  indicate  that  for  short  feeding  cat- 
tle the  plan  of  chaffing  hay,  mingling  it  with  grain,  and  feeding  thru  a 
self-feeder  is  worthy  of  further  investigation  and  trial  by  feeders. 

TABLE  7.    EFFECT  OF  VARIOUS  PRICES  OF  CORN  ON  PROFIT  OR  Loss 

Lot  1 


Cost  per  bushel,  cents 

35 

40 

45 

50     ' 

Profit  total  

-f-  $21.  912 

—  $  3  831 

—$29.574 

—$55.317 

Profit  per  steer  

+     1.288 

—    0.225 

1.739 

—     3.253 

Lot  2 


Cost  per  bushel,  cents 

35 

40 

45 

50 

Profit  total        

+$57.870 

+$28.795 

—  $  0.280 

Profit  oer  steer.  .  . 

+     3.404 

+     1.693 

—    0.016 

—     1.726 

The  matter  of  profit  or  loss  in  feeding  operations  naturally  de- 
pends upon  the  cost  of  the  feed  as  compared  with  the  price  of  beef. 
For  this  reason  the  above  will  be  of  interest  as  it  gives  the  effect  of 
various  prices  of  corn  on  the  financial  statement.  In  the  above  table 
the  plus  or  minus  signs  refer  to  profit  or  loss.  Five  cents  per  bushel 
difference  in  the  price  of  corn  changes  the  total  expense  of  lot  1, 
$25.743 ;  of  lot  2,  $29.075 ;  or  an  equivalent  in  the  final  cost  of  the  mar- 
ket weight  of  the  cattle  of  11.6  cents  per  cwt.  in  case  of  lot  1,  and  12.8 
cents  with  lot  2. 


574  BULLETIN  No.  142  [November, 

TABLE  8.     PROFIT  OR  Loss  AS  INFLUENCED  BY  THE  MARKET 


Falling 

Stationary 

Rising 

Total 

Per  steer 

Total 

Per  steer 

Total 

Per  steer 

Lot  1 
Lot  2 

—$33.181 
+     1.331 

—$1.951 

+  0.078 

+$21.912 
+  57.862 

+$1.288 
+  3.403 

+$77.005 
+114.393 

+$4.529 
+  6.729 

The  cattle  were  bought  and  sold  on  practically  a  uniform  or  sta- 
tionary market.  That  is,  they  would  have  sold  at  the  time  they  were 
purchased  for  about  the  same  price  that  they  did  at  the  close  of  the 
experiment  had  they  been  in  the  same  condition.  These  conditions  do 
not  always  exist,  however/ so  in  order  to  see  the  effect  of  a  fall  or  rise 
of  25  cents  per  cwt.  in  the  market  Table  8  is  presented.  Under  the 
falling  market  the  selling  price  for  lot  1  is  figured  at  $5.20,  sta- 
tionary $5.45,  and  rising  at  $5.70  per  cwt.,  making  a  difference  in  total 
receipts  in  each  case  of  $55.094.  For  lot  2  the  falling  market  was 
figured  at  $5.35,  stationary  $5.60  and  rising  at  $5.85  per  cwt.,  making 
a  difference  in  total  receipts  in  each  case  of  $56.531.  The  minus  signs 
in  the  table  indicate  a  loss  while  the  plus  signs  indicate  a  profit. 


1909] 


SHORT  FED  STEERS 


575 


576 


BULLETIN  No.  142 


[November, 


1909] 


SHORT  FED  STEERS 


577 


s 

o 
w 
w 

in 

< 

Cvf 


578 


BULLF.TIN    Xo.    142 


\' or  ember, 


1909.] 


AUTHOR  INDEX 

AUTHOR  INDEX 


579 


PAGE 

Burrill,  T.  J.,  and  Barrett 
J.  T. ,  Ear  rots  of  corn,  Bull. 
133 63-110 

Crandall,  C.  S.,  Bordeaux  mix- 
ture, Bull.  135 199-296 

Folsom,  J.  W.,  The  insect  pests 
of  clover  and  alfalfa,  Bull. 
134 111-198 

Forbes,  S.  A.,  Experiments  with 
repellents  against  the  corn 
root-aphis,  1905  and  1906, 
Bull.  130 1-28 

Forbes,  S.  A.,  Habits  and  be- 
havior of  the  corn-field  ant, 
Lasius  niger  americanus, 
Bull.  131 2946 

Fraser,  W.  J.  and  Brand  R.  E., 
Dairy  suggestions  from  Eu- 
ropean conditions  as  seen 
in  the  British  Isles,  Hol- 
land and  Denmark,  Bull. 
140 459-522 

Hume,  A.  N.,  Center,  O.  D. 
and  Hegnauer,  Leonard 
Methods  of  seeding  oats, 
drilling  and  broadcasting, 
Bull.  136..  ...297-312 


PAGE 

Lee,  C.  E.,  Pasteurization  as  a 
factor  in  making  butter 
from  cream  skimmed  on  the 
farm,  Bull.  138 369-438 

Lee,  C.  E.,  and  Barnhart,  J.  M., 
Composition  of  market  but- 
ter, Bull  139 439-458 

Lee,  C.  E.,  Hepburn,  N.  W., 
and  Barnhart,  J.  M.,  A 
study  of  factors  influenc- 
ing the  composition  of  but- 
ter, Bull.  137 313-368 

Mumford,  H.  W.,  and  Allison, 
H.  O.,  Short  fed  steers,  A 
comparison  of  methods  of 
of  feeding,  Bull.  142 563-578 

Obrecht,  R.  C.,  Relative  effici- 
ency of  different  rations 
for  fleshing  horses  for 
markets  Bull.  141 523-562 

Smith,  L.  H.,  The  effect  of  se- 
lection upon  certain  physi- 
cal characters  of  the  corn 
plant,  Bull.  132 47-62 


580 


INDEX 

INDEX 


[November, 


(The  headings  in  capitals  are  the  subjects  of  entire  bulletins) 


PAGE 

Agricultural  shows  481-4 

Alcohol,    Treatment     of  seed 

corn  with 11,15 

Allograpta  obliqua 147-8 

Aphidius 151-2 

Bacteria  on  corn 91-2 

Bordeaux-  arsenate  of  lead  com- 
bination, further  trial  of 

280-2 

BORDEAUX  MIXTURE..  199-296 

Adhesiveness 217-9 

Changes  occurring  in 248-9 

Chemistry  of 215-7 

Conclusions 292-6 

Copper,  solution  of,  in — 223-8 

Discovery  of 205-7 

Experiments,    reports     on 

253-73 

Formulas 207-10 

Fungicidal  action  of 233-4 

In  glass  dishes 250-1 

Injuries  to  foliage 220 

Introduction   of,     in     the 

United  States 208-10 

Making 211-5 

Materials  for 210-17,288-90 

On  foliage  of  apple  trees  in 

pots 251-2 

Problem  of  solubility  of  the 

copper  of 249-50 

British  Isles,  Dairying  in... 462-80 

England  462-8 

Ireland  469-71 

Scotland 472-80 

Bruchophagus  funebris 125-33 

BUTTER,  A  STUDY  OF  FAC- 
TORS INFLUENCING 
THE  COMPOSITION  OF 

(with  tables) 313-68 

BUTTER,  COMPOSITION 
OF  MARKET  (with 

tables)  439-58 

Illinois 443,450-1 


PAGE 

Iowa 444-5,451-2 

Minnesota 445-7 ,452 

Wisconsin ...447-9,452 

Butter,  Composition  of 

Changes  in,  made  by  each 

revolution  in  working 320-2 

From    cream,    pasteurized 

and  un  pasteurized 324-9 

Half-worked    and    worked 

319-20 

Influenced  by  time  cream 
is  held  at  churning  tem- 
perature  323-4 

Made     in     two     different 

churns 322-3 

Salting,  Influence  of  dry 
and  wet,  upon 331-2 

Butter  fat  churned  and  recover- 
ed in  the  butter 352-8 

Butter  in  Holland 501 

Butter  samples,  analysis  of,  ac- 
cording to  states 

Illinois 443 

Iowa 444-5 

Location  unknown 449 

Minnesota.. 445-7 

Wisconsin 447-9 

Butter,  sampling 316-9,441 

Callipterus,    trifolii 175-8 

Description 175-6 

Life  history 177-8 

Carbolic    acid,    treatment    of 
seed  corn  with 11,15 

Carbon    bisulphid,    treatment 
of  seed  corn  with 13 

Carbonated    water,    action   of 
282-8 

Cheese  and  butter  in   Holland 
498-501 

Chlorid  of  lime,  treatment  of 
seed  corn  with 12 

Chrysopidae 145,  149-51 


1909.] 


INDEX 


581 


PAGE 

Clover 

Callipeterus 175-8 

Hay-worm..   168-71 

Leaf-midge 171-5 

Leaf-weevil  114, 117,155-64 

Louse 117,138-54 

Root  borer 114,164-8 

Root  mealy-bug 189-95 

Seed-Caterpillar 114,133-7 

Seed-chalcid 114,125-33 

Seed-midge 114,118-25 

Sitones  jlavescens. 184-9 

Steam-borer 178-84 

Clover  seed  crop,  failure  of  the 

115-7 

Coccinellae 145-6 

Copper,    accumulation    of,   in 

the  soil 219-20 

Fungicidal  action   of,   dis- 
covery of 204-5 

Not   absorbed  thru   trunk 

and  branches 237-8 

Penetration  of,  into   leaf 

tissues 228-33 

Solubility  of,  influence  of 
lime  in  excess  on  the — 275-7 
bordeaux     mixture      on 

leaves 249-50 

under  influence  of  long 
continued  moist  con- 
ditions  290-2 

Solution  of,  in  bordeaux 

mixture 223-8 

Sulphate 210,219-20 

Injection  of 240-2 

Solution    absorbed    hurt 

wounds 238-40 

Treatment  of  seed  corn 

with 13 

CORN,  EAR  ROTS  OF 63-110 

Bacteria 91-2 

Causes ..  70-2 

Diplodia  zeae  65,66,71, 

72.73-85 

Fusarium,  species  of ..  .65,66,72,85-91 
History  and  synonomy  ...94-6 

Injury,  amount  of 69-70 

Observations,  general.  — 65-9 
Plates  and  description  of.. 97-109 


PAGE 

Prevention 92-4 

Corn,  Injury  to,  by  ants 41-2 

Learning 51 

Plates 54-5,59,62 

CORN  PLANT,  THE  EFFECT 
OF  SELECTION  UPON 
CERTAIN  PHYSICAL 
CHARACTERS  IN  THE 
(with  plates) 47-62 

CORN      ROOT-APHIS,     EX- 
PERIMENTS WITH  RE- 
PELLENTS      AGAINST 
THE,  1905  AND  1906. . . .  4 .1-28 
Agency  for  destruction  of.3-4 
Corn-field   experiment,    A, 

1906 15-23 

Destructive  ability  of  the... 3 
Fields,   comparison  of  in- 
fested    23-4 

Minor  test  ..   ..   24.5 

Plot  experiments 5-15 

Prevention,     general    pro- 
gram of... 26-8 

Repellent    applications    to 
the  seed 4-5 

Corn,  effect  of  selection  of,  on 

maturity 56 

yield. 56-7 

CORN-FIELD  ANT,  LASIUS 
NIGER  AMERICANUS, 
HABITS  AND  BEHAV- 
IOR OF  THE 29-48 

Colony,   area    occupied  by 

a  single 37-8 

Beginning  of  a  new 32-4 

Size  of 34-5 

Effect  of  change  of  crop. .  .42-4 
Hostilities,  intercolonial.. 35-7 

Injury  to  corn  by 41-2 

Nests,     adapation    of,    to 

changing  conditions 40-1 

Behavior  within  the  38-40 

Contents  of 31-2 

Plate 45 

Relation   to  other  species.. 38 

Corn-field  experiment,  A,  1906 

15-25 

Description  of 16-8 


582 


INDEX 


[November, 


PAGE 

Results  of 18-23 

Cow  stables,  Holland 493-6 

Cow  testing  association 514 

Dairy  cattle 

Denmark 510-1 

England 464 

Holland 489-91 

Ireland 469-70 

Scotland 474-6 

DAIRY  SUGGESTIONS  FROM 
EUROPEAN    CONDI- 
TIONS AS  SEEN  IN  THE 
BRITISH     ISLES,    HOL- 
LAND AND   DENMARK 

459-522 

Dairying  in  the  British  Isles 

England  462-8 

Ireland 469-71 

Scotland 472-80 

Dairying  in  Denmark 503-20 

Dairying  in  Holland 485-502 

Dasyneura  leguminicola 118-25 

Dasyneura  trifolii 171-5 

Denmark 

City  milk  supply 515-6 

Cow  testing  association.  . .  .514 

Dairy  cattle 510-1 

Farm  buildings 507-9 

management 504-6 

Feed  and  care  511-4 

Manufactured  products. .  .516-8 
What  we  may  learn  from 

519-20 

Diplodia  zeae 73-85 

Effects  of  acid  and  alkalin 

media 78-80 

Growth  in  culture 76-8 

History 94-6 

Inoculation  experiments.  ..83-5 

Life  history  on  ears 73-4 

stacks 74-6 

Spores,  distribution  of,  by 

wind. 81-3 

Germination  of 80-1 

Ear  rots 

Appearance 65-6 

Causes 70-2 

Influence  of    locality,    soil 

etc 67 

Prevention 92-4 

Seasonal  occurrence 66-7 


PAGE 

Ears,  (corn) 

Erect  and  declining 57-62 

High  and  low.. 51-7 

Enarmonia  interstinctana 133-7 

England 

City  milk  supply 466-8 

Farm  buildings 466 

management 462-4 

Feed  and  care 465-6 

Live  stock 464 

Manufactured 468 

Farm  buildings 

Denmark 507-9 

England 466 

Holland 493-6 

Scotland 477-8 

Farm  management 

Denmark 504-6 

England. 462-4 

Holland  487-9 

Ireland 469-71 

Scotland 477 

Feed  and  care  of  dairy  cattle 

Denmark 511-4 

England 654-6 

Holland 491-2 

Ireland 469-71 

Scotland 477 

Feed  lots  and  equipment 566-8 

Feeds,  quality  and  cost  of 568 

Foliage,   condition  of,  of  trees 

sprayed  with  lime   277-80 

Injuries  to 220 

Foliage  injury,  The  relation  of 

meteoric  waters  to 242-92 

Formalin,  treatment  of  oats — 311 
Formalin,    treatment  of  seed 

corn  with 11-15 

Formica  schaufussi 38 

Fungi 71-72-221 

Fungicides.   204 

Fusarium,  species  of  85-91 

Appearance  in  culture  on 

the  ears 86-7-89-91 

,    stalks.. 86 

Germination  of  spores. . .  .87-90 
Growth  in  various  media  —  88 

Hay-worm,  clover 114-168-71 

Control 170-1 

Injury 168-9 

Life  history  and  habits..  169-70 
Stages  . .   169 


1909.] 


INDEX 


583 


PAGE 

Hylastinus  obscurus 164-8 

Holland- 
City  milk  supply 496-8 

Cheese  and  butter 498-501 

Cow  stab'es 493-6 

Dairy  cattle 489-91 

Farm  management 487-9 

Feed  and  care 491-2 

Horses 

Box  stall,  Effect  of 547 

Exercise,  Effect  of 546-7 

Feeding,  methods  of.  ..528-9-540 

Preliminary  527-8-540 

Feeds,  Quality  and  cost  of 

- 529-541 

Health   and  thrift  of  529- 

34-541-60 

Rations,  Effect  of 534-8 

Fed  to 528-9-540 

Stabling 527-539 

Used  in  experiments.  .527-539-40 
Watering 527-539 

Hypsopyyia  costalis 168-71 

INSECT  PESTS  OF  CLOVER 
AND  ALFALFA,  THE 
(with  plates) 111-98 

Insects,     Control     of     clover 

117-8-123-132-3-137 

153^4-164-167-184-188 

Injury  to  clover  by    113-5- 
125-7-133-4 

Ireland 469-71 

Iron  sulphate,   Treatment    of 

seed  corn  with 13 

Kainit,  Treatment  of  seed  corn 

with 12 

Kerosene,  Treatment    of  seed 

corn  with 4-5-6-8-9-10-14 

Kerosene  emulsion,  Treatment 

of  seed  corn  with 5-6-7-8 

Languria  mozardi 178-89 

I;<t*ius  alienus  americanus 3-29-49 

Leaf-midge 171-5 

Food  plants 171-2 

Habits 173-5 

Life  history 173 

Stages 172-3 

Leaf-weevil 114,  117,  155-64 

Control 104 

Description 156-8 


PAGE 

Distribution 155 

Enemies,  natural 162-3 

Food  plants  and  injuries.  .155-6 

Habits 160-2 

Life  history 158.60 

Leaves,  burning  or  brown  spot- 
ting of 220-3 

Solubility  of  the  copper 
of  bordeaux  mixture  on 

249-50 

Yellowing  of .  .,.234-7,  240-2 
Lime,     air-slacked,     Bordeaux 

made  with 210-1,  288-90 

Chlorid    of,   treatment  of 

seed  corn  with 12 

Condition  of  foliage  trees 

sprayed  with 278-80 

Influence  of,  in   excess  on 
the  solubility  of  copper- 

275  7 

Maintaining  of  excess  of.  .273-5 
Lime,  sulphur  and  salt,  treat- 
ment of  seed  corn  with  — 12 

Lineellus 189 

Live  stock,  England 464 

London  purple 203-4 

Louse,  clover 117, 138-54 

Control  153-4 

Description 141 

Enemies,  natural  144-52 

Food  plants  and  in  juries..  138-40 

Habits 143-4 

Life  history 144-5 

Lysol,   treatment  of  seed  corn 

with 11-2,  15 

Macrocheles  rttoestus 40 

Macrosiphum  pisi 138-54 

Manufactured  products  of  the 
dairy 

Denmark..   .    516-8 

England 468 

Holland 498-501 

Ireland 470 

Scotland  478-9 

Mealy-bug,  clover-root 189-95 

Habits 194-5 

Life  history 193  4 

Stages 190-3 

Mesogramma  marginatum 148 

Mesogramma  politum  148 

Meteoric  waters 226,  228,  242-8 


584 


INDEX 


[November. 


Milk  supply,  city 

Denmark. .  515-6 

England 466-8 

Holland 496-8 

Scotland 478 

Musk,  treatment  of  seed  corn 

with 13 

Mustard,    treatment    of    seed 

corn  with 13 

OATS,  METHODS  OF  SEED- 
ING,    DRILLING     AND 

BROADCASTING 297-312 

Conclusions 309-10 

Cost  ..   307 

Experiments  at  DeKalb.  .303-4 

Sibley 305-6 

Urbana... 301-2 

Results  from  other  sources 

307-8 

Oats,  treatment  of,  for  smut 

311-2 

Oil    of    lemon,    treatment    of 

seed  corn  with 10,14 

Oils,  other  vegetable 10-1 

Paris  green 203-4 

PASTEURIZATION  AS  A 
FACTOR  IN  MAKING 
BUTTER  FROM  CREAM 
SKIMMED  ON  THE 
FARM  (with  tables). . .  .367-438 
Pea-louse  (see  clover-louse) 

Perilitus  americanus  146-7 

Peronospora,  viticola  204,205-6 

Petroleum,    crude,    treatment 

of  seed  corn  with 10,14 

Phytonomus  punctatus 155-64 

Pseudococcus  trijolii 189-95 

RATIONS  FOR    FLESHING 
HORSES  FOR  MARKET, 
RELATIVE  EFFICIENCY 
OF    DIFFERENT     (with 

plates) 523-62 

Root-borer,  clover 114,164-8 

Control 167 

Distribution 165-6 

Life  history  and  habits. .  .166-7 

Stages 166 

Schizoneura  panicola 42,43 

Scotch    dairying,   high    points 

in 479-80 

Scotland     . 

City  milk  supply 478 


PAGE 

Dairy  cattle 474-6 

Farm  buildings 477-8 

management 472-4 

Feed  and  care 477 

Manufactured  products... 478-9 
Seed  crop,  the  failure  of  the 

115-7 

Seed,  repellent  application  to 

the 4-5 

Seed-caterpillar 114,133-7 

Control 137 

Distribution 133 

Enemies,  natural 137 

Food  plants  and  injuries.  .133-4 

Habits 136 

Life  history 135-6 

Stages 134-5 

Seed  chalcid  114,125-33 

Control 132-3 

Distribution  125 

Enemies,  natural 131-2 

Food  plants 125 

Habits 130-1 

Injury 125-7 

Life  history 127-30 

Seed  corn,   treated  with  alco- 
hol  11, 15 

Carbolic  acid 11,  15 

carbon  bisulphid 13 

chlorid  of  lime 12 

copper  sulphate 13 

formalin 11,  15 

iron  sulphate. 13 

kainit 12 

kerosene...  4,  5,6,  8,9-10,  14 
kerosene  emulsion  —  6-7,  8 
lime,  sulphur  and  salt — 12 

lysol 11-2,  15 

miscellaneous  substances 

.13-4 

musk 13 

mustard 13 

oil  of  lemon 10,  14 

other  vegetable  oils..  .101,14 

petroleum 10,  14 

tar  water 7,  8 

tobacco  water 13 

turpentine 7,  8 

Seed-midge .....  114,  118-25 

Control 123 

Description  119-20 

Distribution 118 


1909.] 


INDEX 


585 


PAGE 

Enemies,  natural 122-3 

Food  plants 118-9 

Habits 121.2 

Life  history 120.1 

Sitoiies  flavescens ...  184-9 

Control 188 

Food  plants  and  injuries.  .185-6 

Life  history 186.8 

Other  species 188 

Stages.. 186 

Smut,  treatment  of  oats  for.  .311-2 

Spraying  as  cause  of  browning 
or  burning  of  leaves 222-3 

Steers,  marketing 571-4 

Method  of  feeding 568-71 

STEERS,  SHORT  FED,  A 
COMPARISON  OF  ME- 
THODS OF  FEEDING 
(with  plates) 663-78 

Stem-borer 178-84 

Control 184 

Distribution 178 

Enemies,  natural — 183 

Food  plants 178.9 


PAGE 

Habits 182-3 

Injury 179-80 

Life  history 181-2 

Stages 180 

Syrphidae 147 

Syrphus  americanus 148 

Syrphus  ribesii 148 

Tar  water,  treatment  of  seed 

corn  with  7,8 

Tobacco   water,  treatment    of 

seed  corn  with 13 

Trees,  comparison  of,  subject- 
ed to  rain  with  trees  spray- 
ed with  cistern  water  —  270-3 
Condition    of    foliage    of, 

sprayed  with  lime 278-80 

Covered  and  uncovered. .  .242-8 
Field     experiments     with 

sprayed,  in  1906 253-63 

1907 264-70 

Triphleps  insidiosus 151 

Turpentine,  treatment  of  seed 

corn  with 7,8 

Uncinula  spiralis 204 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


